Axum, Actix and Tower in anger: routing, middleware, APIs, and WebAssembly when the code has to run in a browser.
A 404 from reqwest is not an Err. Use error_for_status, classify failures with is_timeout and is_connect, set timeouts, read error bodies safely and return a typed error your callers can match on.
Hyper 1.x is a low-level HTTP library: you write the accept loop, the service and the routing. See a working server with hyper-util, what a framework adds, and the narrow cases where going direct is right.
Axum 0.8 changes path syntax from :id to {id}, removes the need for async_trait on extractors, tightens Option extractors and requires Sync handlers. Migrate step by step with before and after code.
Go optimizes for a team shipping a service quickly; Rust optimizes for control and correctness. Compare error handling, concurrency, memory, hiring and where each language stops being the easy answer.
Verify webhook signatures in Rust: read the raw body, compute HMAC-SHA256, compare in constant time, check the timestamp against replay and respond fast with a queue.
A review checklist for a Rust service before it faces the internet: dependencies, unsafe, input limits, authentication, secrets, transport, containers and monitoring, each with a pass condition.
Make POST requests safe to retry: clients send an Idempotency-Key, the server stores the first result keyed on it and replays it. An Axum and SQLx implementation with edge cases.
Move a Python or Node service to Rust one route at a time: the strangler approach with a proxy, shared contracts, parity tests, data ownership and when to stop.
Compare moka, quick_cache and cached for in-memory caching in Rust: size limits, eviction, time to live, concurrency, async support and a single-flight loader.
OFFSET pagination slows down and skips rows as data changes. Keyset pagination remembers the last key and stays fast. Build it with SQLx, including the tie-breaker and the cursor.
Turn Rust structs into JSON and back with serde and serde_json, including renames, optional fields, defaults and what the parse errors look like.
Set the HTTP response headers that harden a web service: Content-Security-Policy, X-Content-Type-Options, Strict-Transport-Security, Referrer-Policy and more, applied with tower-http in Axum.
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